![]() ![]() To function, the VSA adsorber vessels are sequentially fed with CO 2-rich product gas at pressure and then depressurised to a vacuum to release the CO 2 from the adsorbent material. To capture CO 2 from the tail gas of the SMR hydrogen purification PSA unit, a vacuum swing adsorption VSA process has been implemented by Air Products at a refinery in Port Arthur, Texas. To capture the CO 2 content of the product gas, the VSA unit has been inserted between the SMR and the hydrogen PSA unit. CO 2 can be produced with a purity of 95% and a recovery rate of over 90%. VSA CO 2 capture from refinery SMR at Port Arthur, USA The very high CO 2 concentration in the hydrogen PSA tail gas of more than 80% may make this process flow sheet favourable. In a second process flow sheet, the CO 2 is sequestered from the hydrogen PSA tail gas. In the first scenario, the hydrogen PSA does not separate any additional impurities after the SMR. Two process flow sheet options using this mix of technologies have been piloted at refineries in the USA and Europe to capture the CO 2 content from the process gases leaving the SMR. Alternative options are to use membranes and PSA or VSA adsorption systems to capture the CO 2 emissions. The stripper produces a high purity CO 2 stream.Īn amine wash system can be used for carbon capture on refinery SMRs. ![]() About 90% of the CO 2 is removed from the flue gases which are emitted from the absorber. This is followed by a twin-tower of amine-based CO 2 absorption and CO 2 stripping. Typically, in such cases, the flue gases are contacted against water to cool them and remove particulates. An SMR typically emits 9.5 kg of CO 2 per kg of hydrogen, making hydrogen produced by SMRs from fossil fuels without carbon capture unsustainable.Ĭurrently, CO 2 is either emitted into the atmosphere or, in the production of ammonia for urea fertilizers, it is captured using an amine-wash process. Methane and steam are converted into syngas with a typical composition of 76% hydrogen, 17% CO 2, and 7% unreacted methane and other gases. Hydrotreating is a widely accepted technique in refineries to remove sulphur from various oil fractions and create marketable products such as Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD).Ĭurrently, the predominant production route of hydrogen for use in refineries is steam methane reforming (SMR). SMR uses natural gas or refinery gas as its feedstock and about 80% of current global hydrogen production is derived from fossil fuels, with SMR technology. ![]() Harrison and Maria James, sbh4 consultingĭesulphurisation of refined products has become standard practice as liquid fuel specifications have become more stringent. ![]()
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